ElementsManager.ipynb

In [1]:
from xv.chemistry.physical import ElementsManager
In [2]:
ke = ElementsManager()
ke
Out[2]:
2333468519296@ElementsManager
verbose = False

Details of elements


Minimum Grade: 6
Maximum Grade: 12


Examples
--------
ke = ElementsManager()
ke

ke.printProblemTypes()

ke.getRandomProblem()
ke.getRandomProblem(problem_type = 0)
...

ke.printProblem()
ke.printAnswer()
ke.printSolution()


doc_style: xv_doc
In [3]:
ke.printProblemTypes()

0. _problem_spd_orbitals
1. _problem_possible_quantum_numbers
2. _problem_electronic_config
3. _problem_stable_electronic_configs
4. _problem_electronic_config_noble_gases
5. _problem_valence_electronic_config
6. _problem_element_positive_ionization_energies_of_an_element
7. _problem_ionization_energy_analysis
8. _problem_electronic_config_based_props
9. _problem_element_isotopes
10. _problem_atomic_radii_analysis
11. _problem_bond_energy_inorganic_covalent_bonds
12. _problem_bond_energy_organic_covalent_bonds
13. _problem_element_ionic_radii
14. _problem_element_ionization_energies_of_elements
15. _problem_oxides_of_an_element
16. _problem_element_properties
In [4]:
from IPython.display import HTML
n = len(ke._problemTemplates)
max_loop = 1
for j in range(0, max_loop):
    for i in range(n):
        problem_type = i
        display(HTML(f"<h2>problem_type: {problem_type}/{n-1} (loop {j}/{max_loop-1})</h2>"))
        ke.getRandomProblem(problem_type = problem_type, verbose = True)
        display(ke.printProblem())

        display(HTML(f"<h6>Answer:</h6>"))
        display(ke.printAnswer())

        display(HTML(f"<h6>Solution:</h6>"))
        display(ke.printSolution())
        pass

problem_type: 0/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_spd_orbitals
Draw the following orbital structures:
  1. s orbitals
  2. p orbitals
  3. d orbitals
  4. Shapes of the 4f orbitals in 3D
  5. shape and relative size of 1s, 2s and 2p orbitals
Answer:
  1. orbitals-s
    s orbitals
  2. orbitals-p
    p orbitals
  3. orbitals-d
    d orbitals
  4. orbitals-f
    Shapes of the 4f orbitals in 3D
  5. a-level-orbitals-all
    shape and relative size of 1s, 2s and 2p orbitals
Solution:
  1. orbitals-s
    s orbitals
  2. orbitals-p
    p orbitals
  3. orbitals-d
    d orbitals
  4. orbitals-f
    Shapes of the 4f orbitals in 3D
  5. a-level-orbitals-all
    shape and relative size of 1s, 2s and 2p orbitals

problem_type: 1/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_possible_quantum_numbers

What are possible quantum numbers for the Principal quantum number 8 or R
Answer:
Angular momentum Magnetic moment Spin Electron filling order
0 = s 0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 0 = 8
1 = p -1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 1 = 9
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 1 = 9
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 1 = 9
2 = d -2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 2 = 10
-1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 2 = 10
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 2 = 10
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 2 = 10
2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 2 = 10
3 = f -3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
-2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
-1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
4 = g -4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
-3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
-2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
-1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
5 = h -5 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
-4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
-3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
-2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
-1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
5 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
6 = i -6 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
-5 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
-4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
-3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
-2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
-1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
5 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
6 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
7 = k -7 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
-6 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
-5 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
-4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
-3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
-2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
-1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
5 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
6 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
7 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
Solution:

Angular momentum quantum number

0, 1, 2, 3, ... n-1 where n is the principal quantum number

Magnetic moment quantum number

-m, -m+1, ... -1, 0, 1, ... m-1, m where m is the angular momentum quantum number

Spin quantum number

$\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ for every magnetic moment quantum number

The electron filling

The electron filling order is sum of (Angular momentum quantum number) and (Magnetic moment quantum number).

If there is a tie, the electron will go to the lower angular momentum quantum number.



Quantum numbers for principal quantum number = 8 = R


Angular momentum Magnetic moment Spin Electron filling order
0 = s 0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 0 = 8
1 = p -1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 1 = 9
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 1 = 9
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 1 = 9
2 = d -2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 2 = 10
-1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 2 = 10
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 2 = 10
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 2 = 10
2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 2 = 10
3 = f -3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
-2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
-1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 3 = 11
4 = g -4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
-3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
-2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
-1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 4 = 12
5 = h -5 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
-4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
-3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
-2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
-1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
5 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 5 = 13
6 = i -6 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
-5 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
-4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
-3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
-2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
-1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
5 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
6 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 6 = 14
7 = k -7 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
-6 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
-5 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
-4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
-3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
-2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
-1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
0 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
1 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
2 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
3 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
4 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
5 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
6 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15
7 $\frac{1}{2}$, $- \frac{1}{2}$ 8 + 7 = 15

problem_type: 2/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_electronic_config

Write the following for the atom with atomic number 89:
1. Electronic configuration
2. Electronic configuration form with noble gas as core
3. Valence electrons
4. Detailed configuration
Answer:
Atomic symbol: Ac

Atomic number: 89

Name: Actinium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 6d1 7s2

2. Electronic configuration form with noble gas as core: [Rn] 6d1 7s2

3. Valence electrons: 7s2 6d1

4. Detailed configuration:
1s ↿⇂
2p ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
2s ↿⇂
 
3d ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
3p ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
3s ↿⇂
 
 
4f ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
4d ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
4p ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
4s ↿⇂
 
 
 
5g                  
5f              
5d ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
5p ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
5s ↿⇂
 
 
 
 
6h                      
6g                  
6f              
6d ↿        
6p ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
6s ↿⇂
 
 
 
 
 
7i                          
7h                      
7g                  
7f              
7d          
7p      
7s ↿⇂
 
 
 
 
 
 
Solution:


Atomic symbol: Ac

Atomic number: 89

Name: Actinium

Note:It does not follow Madelung energy ordering rule, also called the n + l rule or aufbau approximation rule.

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 6d1 7s2

2. Electronic configuration form with noble gas as core: [Rn] 6d1 7s2

3. Valence electrons: 7s2 6d1

4. Detailed configuration:
1s ↿⇂
2p ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
2s ↿⇂
 
3d ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
3p ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
3s ↿⇂
 
 
4f ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
4d ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
4p ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
4s ↿⇂
 
 
 
5g                  
5f              
5d ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
5p ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
5s ↿⇂
 
 
 
 
6h                      
6g                  
6f              
6d ↿        
6p ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂
6s ↿⇂
 
 
 
 
 
7i                          
7h                      
7g                  
7f              
7d          
7p      
7s ↿⇂
 
 
 
 
 
 

problem_type: 3/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_stable_electronic_configs

Electronic configuration of noble gases
Answer:
Electronic configuration of noble gases
He: 1s2
Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p6
Ar: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Kr: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
Xe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
Rn: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6
Solution:
Electronic configuration of noble gases
He: 1s2
Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p6
Ar: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Kr: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
Xe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
Rn: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6

problem_type: 4/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_electronic_config_noble_gases

Electronic configuration of noble gases
Answer:
Electronic configuration of noble gases
He: 1s2
Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p6
Ar: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Kr: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
Xe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
Rn: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6
Solution:
Electronic configuration of noble gases
He: 1s2
Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p6
Ar: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Kr: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
Xe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
Rn: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6

problem_type: 5/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_valence_electronic_config

Write the valence electrons configuration for atomic_number 24:
Answer:
Atomic symbol: Cr

Atomic number: 24

Name: Chromium

1. Valence electrons: 4s1 3d5

2. Valence electrons configuration:
3d ↿ ↿ ↿ ↿ ↿
3p      
3s  
 
 
4f              
4d          
4p      
4s ↿
 
 
 


3. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

4. Electronic configuration form with noble gas as core: [Ar] 3d5 4s1
Solution:


Atomic symbol: Cr

Atomic number: 24

Name: Chromium

1. Valence electrons: 4s1 3d5

2. Valence electrons configuration:
3d ↿ ↿ ↿ ↿ ↿
3p      
3s  
 
 
4f              
4d          
4p      
4s ↿
 
 
 


3. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

4. Electronic configuration form with noble gas as core: [Ar] 3d5 4s1

Note:It does not follow Madelung energy ordering rule, also called the n + l rule or aufbau approximation rule.

problem_type: 6/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_element_positive_ionization_energies_of_an_element

Plot positive ionization energies of atomic number 39?
Answer:
Atomic symbol: Y

Atomic number: 39

Name: Yttrium

Electronic configuration form with noble gas as core: [Kr] 4d1 5s2

1+ 2+ 3+ 4+
6.21726 12.224 20.52441 60.607
2022-12-05T12:34:15.796616 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.5.3, https://matplotlib.org/
Solution:
2022-12-05T12:34:15.796616 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.5.3, https://matplotlib.org/
Atomic symbol: Y

Atomic number: 39

Name: Yttrium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d1 5s2

2. Valence electrons: 5s2 4d1

3. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Y^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d1 5s1
    $Y^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d1
    $Y^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
    $Y^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5

Electronic configuration form with noble gas as core: [Kr] 4d1 5s2

1+ 2+ 3+ 4+
6.21726 12.224 20.52441 60.607

problem_type: 7/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_ionization_energy_analysis

Plot ionization energies of atomic numbers 2 to 102.
Answer:
2022-12-05T12:34:20.503266 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.5.3, https://matplotlib.org/

First Ionization Energies:


2: 24.587387936, 3: 5.391714761
3: 5.391714761, 4: 9.322699
4: 9.322699, 5: 8.298019
5: 8.298019, 6: 11.260296, 7: 14.53413
7: 14.53413, 8: 13.618054
8: 13.618054, 9: 17.42282, 10: 21.56454
10: 21.56454, 11: 5.1390767
11: 5.1390767, 12: 7.646235
12: 7.646235, 13: 5.9857684
13: 5.9857684, 14: 8.151683, 15: 10.486686
15: 10.486686, 16: 10.36001
16: 10.36001, 17: 12.96763, 18: 15.7596112
18: 15.7596112, 19: 4.34066354
19: 4.34066354, 20: 6.1131552, 21: 6.56149, 22: 6.82812
22: 6.82812, 23: 6.746187
23: 6.746187, 24: 6.76651, 25: 7.434018, 26: 7.9024678
26: 7.9024678, 27: 7.88101, 28: 7.639877
28: 7.639877, 29: 7.72638, 30: 9.394199
30: 9.394199, 31: 5.9993018
31: 5.9993018, 32: 7.899435, 33: 9.789
33: 9.789, 34: 9.752392
34: 9.752392, 35: 11.81381, 36: 13.9996049
36: 13.9996049, 37: 4.177128
37: 4.177128, 38: 5.6948672, 39: 6.21726, 40: 6.6339, 41: 6.75885, 42: 7.09243, 43: 7.119381, 44: 7.3605, 45: 7.4589, 46: 8.33686
46: 8.33686, 47: 7.576234
47: 7.576234, 48: 8.993822
48: 8.993822, 49: 5.7863552
49: 5.7863552, 50: 7.343917, 51: 8.608389, 52: 9.00966, 53: 10.45126, 54: 12.1298431
54: 12.1298431, 55: 3.893905548
55: 3.893905548, 56: 5.211664, 57: 5.5769
57: 5.5769, 58: 5.5386, 59: 5.473
59: 5.473, 60: 5.525, 61: 5.582, 62: 5.64371, 63: 5.670385, 64: 6.149796
64: 6.149796, 65: 5.8638
65: 5.8638, 66: 5.93905, 67: 6.0215, 68: 6.1077, 69: 6.18431, 70: 6.25416
70: 6.25416, 71: 5.425871
71: 5.425871, 72: 6.82507, 73: 7.54957, 74: 7.86403
74: 7.86403, 75: 7.83352
75: 7.83352, 76: 8.43823, 77: 8.96702
77: 8.96702, 78: 8.95883
78: 8.95883, 79: 9.225553, 80: 10.437504
80: 10.437504, 81: 6.108287
81: 6.108287, 82: 7.4166796
82: 7.4166796, 83: 7.285516
83: 7.285516, 84: 8.414, 85: 9.31751, 86: 10.7485
86: 10.7485, 87: 4.0727409
87: 4.0727409, 88: 5.278424, 89: 5.380226, 90: 6.3067
90: 6.3067, 91: 5.89
91: 5.89, 92: 6.19405, 93: 6.2655
93: 6.2655, 94: 6.0258, 95: 5.9738
95: 5.9738, 96: 5.9914, 97: 6.1978, 98: 6.2817, 99: 6.3676, 100: 6.5, 101: 6.58, 102: 6.65
Solution:
2022-12-05T12:34:20.503266 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.5.3, https://matplotlib.org/

First Ionization Energies:


2: 24.587387936, 3: 5.391714761
3: 5.391714761, 4: 9.322699
4: 9.322699, 5: 8.298019
5: 8.298019, 6: 11.260296, 7: 14.53413
7: 14.53413, 8: 13.618054
8: 13.618054, 9: 17.42282, 10: 21.56454
10: 21.56454, 11: 5.1390767
11: 5.1390767, 12: 7.646235
12: 7.646235, 13: 5.9857684
13: 5.9857684, 14: 8.151683, 15: 10.486686
15: 10.486686, 16: 10.36001
16: 10.36001, 17: 12.96763, 18: 15.7596112
18: 15.7596112, 19: 4.34066354
19: 4.34066354, 20: 6.1131552, 21: 6.56149, 22: 6.82812
22: 6.82812, 23: 6.746187
23: 6.746187, 24: 6.76651, 25: 7.434018, 26: 7.9024678
26: 7.9024678, 27: 7.88101, 28: 7.639877
28: 7.639877, 29: 7.72638, 30: 9.394199
30: 9.394199, 31: 5.9993018
31: 5.9993018, 32: 7.899435, 33: 9.789
33: 9.789, 34: 9.752392
34: 9.752392, 35: 11.81381, 36: 13.9996049
36: 13.9996049, 37: 4.177128
37: 4.177128, 38: 5.6948672, 39: 6.21726, 40: 6.6339, 41: 6.75885, 42: 7.09243, 43: 7.119381, 44: 7.3605, 45: 7.4589, 46: 8.33686
46: 8.33686, 47: 7.576234
47: 7.576234, 48: 8.993822
48: 8.993822, 49: 5.7863552
49: 5.7863552, 50: 7.343917, 51: 8.608389, 52: 9.00966, 53: 10.45126, 54: 12.1298431
54: 12.1298431, 55: 3.893905548
55: 3.893905548, 56: 5.211664, 57: 5.5769
57: 5.5769, 58: 5.5386, 59: 5.473
59: 5.473, 60: 5.525, 61: 5.582, 62: 5.64371, 63: 5.670385, 64: 6.149796
64: 6.149796, 65: 5.8638
65: 5.8638, 66: 5.93905, 67: 6.0215, 68: 6.1077, 69: 6.18431, 70: 6.25416
70: 6.25416, 71: 5.425871
71: 5.425871, 72: 6.82507, 73: 7.54957, 74: 7.86403
74: 7.86403, 75: 7.83352
75: 7.83352, 76: 8.43823, 77: 8.96702
77: 8.96702, 78: 8.95883
78: 8.95883, 79: 9.225553, 80: 10.437504
80: 10.437504, 81: 6.108287
81: 6.108287, 82: 7.4166796
82: 7.4166796, 83: 7.285516
83: 7.285516, 84: 8.414, 85: 9.31751, 86: 10.7485
86: 10.7485, 87: 4.0727409
87: 4.0727409, 88: 5.278424, 89: 5.380226, 90: 6.3067
90: 6.3067, 91: 5.89
91: 5.89, 92: 6.19405, 93: 6.2655
93: 6.2655, 94: 6.0258, 95: 5.9738
95: 5.9738, 96: 5.9914, 97: 6.1978, 98: 6.2817, 99: 6.3676, 100: 6.5, 101: 6.58, 102: 6.65

problem_type: 8/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_electronic_config_based_props

Write the following for the atom with atomic number 58:
1. Electronic configuration
2. Largest noble gas core
3. Electronic configuration form with noble gas as core
4. Valence electrons
5. Maximum number of shells
6. Last subshell
7. Electronic configurations of its positive ions
8. Electrons per shell
Answer:
1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1 5d1 6s2

2. Largest noble gas core: Xe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6

3. Electronic configuration form with noble gas as core: [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2

4. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f1 5d1

5. Maximum number of shells: 6

6. Last subshell: $6s^{2}$

7. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Ce^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1 5d1 6s1
    $Ce^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1 5d1
    $Ce^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1
    $Ce^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
    $Ce^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

8. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 19
    O: 9
    P: 2
Solution:
Atomic symbol: Ce

Atomic number: 58

Name: Cerium

Note:It does not follow Madelung energy ordering rule, also called the n + l rule or aufbau approximation rule.

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1 5d1 6s2

2. Largest noble gas core: Xe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6

3. Electronic configuration form with noble gas as core: [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2

4. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f1 5d1

5. Maximum number of shells: 6

6. Last subshell: $6s^{2}$

7. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Ce^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1 5d1 6s1
    $Ce^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1 5d1
    $Ce^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1
    $Ce^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
    $Ce^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

8. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 19
    O: 9
    P: 2

problem_type: 9/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_element_isotopes

What are isotopes of atomic number 76?
Answer:
mass_number 184 186 187 188 189 190 192
protons 76 76 76 76 76 76 76
neutrons 108 110 111 112 113 114 116
electrons 76 76 76 76 76 76 76
Solution:
Isotopes have same atomic number but different mass numbers.

mass_number 184 186 187 188 189 190 192
atomic_number 76 76 76 76 76 76 76
mass 183.952489 185.95384 186.95575 187.95584 188.95814 189.95844 191.96148
abundance 0.0002 0.0159 0.0196 0.1324 0.1615 0.2626 0.4078
mass_uncertainty 0.000009 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002
is_radioactive True True False False False False False
half_life - 2000000000000000.0 - - - - -
half_life_unit - - - - - - -
spin 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0
g_factor 0.0 0.0 0.129304 0.0 0.439956 0.0 0.0
quadrupole_moment 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.86 0.0 0.0
protons 76 76 76 76 76 76 76
neutrons 108 110 111 112 113 114 116
electrons 76 76 76 76 76 76 76


abundance: Relative Abundance
g_factor: Nuclear g-factor8
half_life: Half life of the isotope
half_life_unit: Unit in which the half life is given
is_radioactive: Is the isotope radioactive
mass: Atomic mass (Da)
mass_number: Mass number of the isotope
mass_uncertainty: Uncertainty of the atomic mass
spin: Nuclear spin quantum number
quadrupole_moment: Nuclear electric quadrupole moment8 (b [100 fm^2])

problem_type: 10/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_atomic_radii_analysis

Plot and explain radii trend of atoms between atomic numbers 1 and 118
Answer:

Atomic Number


As atomic number increases, the positive charge of nucleus and
the negative charge of electrons increase.
Hence, the attraction force between them increases, causing radius to shrink.

A new shell


As a new electron shell is added to an atom, its size increases.

Type of radii available for plotting:


'empirical', 'Calculated', 'van der Waals', 'Covalent (single bond)', 'Covalent (triple bond)', 'Metallic'

See more..

2022-12-05T12:34:25.542884 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.5.3, https://matplotlib.org/
Solution:

Atomic Number


As atomic number increases, the positive charge of nucleus and
the negative charge of electrons increase.
Hence, the attraction force between them increases, causing radius to shrink.

A new shell


As a new electron shell is added to an atom, its size increases.

Type of radii available for plotting:


'empirical', 'Calculated', 'van der Waals', 'Covalent (single bond)', 'Covalent (triple bond)', 'Metallic'

See more..

2022-12-05T12:34:25.542884 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.5.3, https://matplotlib.org/

problem_type: 11/16 (loop 0/0)

_initProblemTemplate Error: 'BondEnergyHelper' object has no attribute 'use_cache'
                Failed to get problemTemplate failed in 3 tries.
                kwargs: {'problem_type': 11, 'verbose': True}
                
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:\Projects\pythonProjects\xv-km-lib\src\xv\km\kelements\_k_manager.py", line 111, in _initProblemTemplate
    problemTemplate = getattr(self, problem_type_name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "E:\Projects\pythonProjects\xv-chemistry-lib\src\xv\chemistry\physical\_elements_manager.py", line 1004, in _problem_bond_energy_inorganic_covalent_bonds
    svg_str = beh.plot_bond_energy_per_mol(df = selected_df)
  File "E:\Projects\pythonProjects\xv-chemistry-lib\src\xv\chemistry\helper\_bond_energy_helper.py", line 195, in plot_bond_energy_per_mol
    use_cache = self.use_cache
AttributeError: 'BondEnergyHelper' object has no attribute 'use_cache'

Failed to get random problem
Error: problem is not initialized.

None
Answer:
Error: problem is not initialized.

None
Solution:
Error: problem is not initialized.

None

problem_type: 12/16 (loop 0/0)

_initProblemTemplate Error: 'BondEnergyHelper' object has no attribute 'use_cache'
                Failed to get problemTemplate failed in 3 tries.
                kwargs: {'problem_type': 12, 'verbose': True}
                
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:\Projects\pythonProjects\xv-km-lib\src\xv\km\kelements\_k_manager.py", line 111, in _initProblemTemplate
    problemTemplate = getattr(self, problem_type_name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "E:\Projects\pythonProjects\xv-chemistry-lib\src\xv\chemistry\physical\_elements_manager.py", line 1079, in _problem_bond_energy_organic_covalent_bonds
    svg_str = beh.plot_bond_energy_per_mol()
  File "E:\Projects\pythonProjects\xv-chemistry-lib\src\xv\chemistry\helper\_bond_energy_helper.py", line 195, in plot_bond_energy_per_mol
    use_cache = self.use_cache
AttributeError: 'BondEnergyHelper' object has no attribute 'use_cache'

Failed to get random problem
Error: problem is not initialized.

None
Answer:
Error: problem is not initialized.

None
Solution:
Error: problem is not initialized.

None

problem_type: 13/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_element_ionic_radii

What is crystal_radius of atomic number 16?
Answer:
Atomic symbol: S

Atomic number: 16

Name: Sulfur

atomic_number 16
charge -2 4 6
coordination
I NaN NaN NaN
II NaN NaN NaN
III NaN NaN NaN
IIIPY NaN NaN NaN
IV NaN NaN 26.0
IVPY NaN NaN NaN
IVSQ NaN NaN NaN
IX NaN NaN NaN
V NaN NaN NaN
VI 170.0 51.0 43.0
VII NaN NaN NaN
VIII NaN NaN NaN
X NaN NaN NaN
XI NaN NaN NaN
XII NaN NaN NaN
XIV NaN NaN NaN
Solution:
Atomic symbol: S

Atomic number: 16

Name: Sulfur

atomic_number 16
charge -2 4 6
coordination
I NaN NaN NaN
II NaN NaN NaN
III NaN NaN NaN
IIIPY NaN NaN NaN
IV NaN NaN 26.0
IVPY NaN NaN NaN
IVSQ NaN NaN NaN
IX NaN NaN NaN
V NaN NaN NaN
VI 170.0 51.0 43.0
VII NaN NaN NaN
VIII NaN NaN NaN
X NaN NaN NaN
XI NaN NaN NaN
XII NaN NaN NaN
XIV NaN NaN NaN

problem_type: 14/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_element_ionization_energies_of_elements

Plot ionization energies of atomic numbers 58 to 68.
Answer:
IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7 IE8
atomic_number
58 5.538600 10.850 20.1974 36.906 65.55 77.6 91.0 106.0
59 5.473000 10.550 21.6237 38.980 57.50 82.0 97.0 112.0
60 5.525000 10.720 22.1400 40.400 60.00 84.0 99.0 114.0
61 5.582000 10.900 22.0000 41.000 61.69 85.0 101.0 116.0
62 5.643710 11.070 23.4000 41.400 62.66 90.0 103.0 118.0
63 5.670385 11.241 24.9000 42.700 63.00 88.0 105.0 120.0
64 6.149796 12.090 20.6300 44.000 64.76 89.0 106.0 123.0
65 5.863800 11.520 21.9100 39.360 66.50 90.0 108.0 125.0
66 5.939050 11.670 22.9300 41.400 62.08 93.0 110.0 127.0
67 6.021500 11.800 22.8400 42.500 63.93 95.0 112.0 129.0
68 6.107700 11.930 22.7400 42.700 65.10 96.0 114.0 131.0
2022-12-05T12:34:32.122551 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.5.3, https://matplotlib.org/
Solution:
IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7 IE8
atomic_number
58 5.538600 10.850 20.1974 36.906 65.55 77.6 91.0 106.0
59 5.473000 10.550 21.6237 38.980 57.50 82.0 97.0 112.0
60 5.525000 10.720 22.1400 40.400 60.00 84.0 99.0 114.0
61 5.582000 10.900 22.0000 41.000 61.69 85.0 101.0 116.0
62 5.643710 11.070 23.4000 41.400 62.66 90.0 103.0 118.0
63 5.670385 11.241 24.9000 42.700 63.00 88.0 105.0 120.0
64 6.149796 12.090 20.6300 44.000 64.76 89.0 106.0 123.0
65 5.863800 11.520 21.9100 39.360 66.50 90.0 108.0 125.0
66 5.939050 11.670 22.9300 41.400 62.08 93.0 110.0 127.0
67 6.021500 11.800 22.8400 42.500 63.93 95.0 112.0 129.0
68 6.107700 11.930 22.7400 42.700 65.10 96.0 114.0 131.0
2022-12-05T12:34:32.122551 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.5.3, https://matplotlib.org/


Atomic symbol: Ce

Atomic number: 58

Name: Cerium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1 5d1 6s2

2. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f1 5d1

3. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Ce^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1 5d1 6s1
    $Ce^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1 5d1
    $Ce^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1
    $Ce^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
    $Ce^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

4. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 19
    O: 9
    P: 2



Atomic symbol: Pr

Atomic number: 59

Name: Praseodymium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f3 6s2

2. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f3

3. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Pr^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f3 6s1
    $Pr^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f3
    $Pr^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f2
    $Pr^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1
    $Pr^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
    $Pr^{6+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

4. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 21
    O: 8
    P: 2



Atomic symbol: Nd

Atomic number: 60

Name: Neodymium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f4 6s2

2. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f4

3. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Nd^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f4 6s1
    $Nd^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f4
    $Nd^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f3
    $Nd^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f2
    $Nd^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1
    $Nd^{6+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
    $Nd^{7+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

4. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 22
    O: 8
    P: 2



Atomic symbol: Pm

Atomic number: 61

Name: Promethium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f5 6s2

2. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f5

3. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Pm^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f5 6s1
    $Pm^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f5
    $Pm^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f4
    $Pm^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f3
    $Pm^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f2
    $Pm^{6+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1
    $Pm^{7+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
    $Pm^{8+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

4. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 23
    O: 8
    P: 2



Atomic symbol: Sm

Atomic number: 62

Name: Samarium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f6 6s2

2. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f6

3. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Sm^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f6 6s1
    $Sm^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f6
    $Sm^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f5
    $Sm^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f4
    $Sm^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f3
    $Sm^{6+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f2
    $Sm^{7+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1
    $Sm^{8+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
    $Sm^{9+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

4. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 24
    O: 8
    P: 2



Atomic symbol: Eu

Atomic number: 63

Name: Europium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f7 6s2

2. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f7

3. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Eu^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f7 6s1
    $Eu^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f7
    $Eu^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f6
    $Eu^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f5
    $Eu^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f4
    $Eu^{6+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f3
    $Eu^{7+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f2
    $Eu^{8+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1
    $Eu^{9+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
    $Eu^{10+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

4. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 25
    O: 8
    P: 2



Atomic symbol: Gd

Atomic number: 64

Name: Gadolinium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f7 5d1 6s2

2. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f7 5d1

3. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Gd^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f7 5d1 6s1
    $Gd^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f7 5d1
    $Gd^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f7
    $Gd^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f6
    $Gd^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f5
    $Gd^{6+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f4
    $Gd^{7+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f3
    $Gd^{8+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f2
    $Gd^{9+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1
    $Gd^{10+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
    $Gd^{11+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

4. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 25
    O: 9
    P: 2



Atomic symbol: Tb

Atomic number: 65

Name: Terbium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f9 6s2

2. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f9

3. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Tb^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f9 6s1
    $Tb^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f9
    $Tb^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f8
    $Tb^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f7
    $Tb^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f6
    $Tb^{6+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f5
    $Tb^{7+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f4
    $Tb^{8+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f3
    $Tb^{9+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f2
    $Tb^{10+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1
    $Tb^{11+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
    $Tb^{12+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

4. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 27
    O: 8
    P: 2



Atomic symbol: Dy

Atomic number: 66

Name: Dysprosium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f10 6s2

2. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f10

3. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Dy^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f10 6s1
    $Dy^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f10
    $Dy^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f9
    $Dy^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f8
    $Dy^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f7
    $Dy^{6+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f6
    $Dy^{7+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f5
    $Dy^{8+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f4
    $Dy^{9+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f3
    $Dy^{10+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f2
    $Dy^{11+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1
    $Dy^{12+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
    $Dy^{13+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

4. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 28
    O: 8
    P: 2



Atomic symbol: Ho

Atomic number: 67

Name: Holmium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f11 6s2

2. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f11

3. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Ho^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f11 6s1
    $Ho^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f11
    $Ho^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f10
    $Ho^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f9
    $Ho^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f8
    $Ho^{6+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f7
    $Ho^{7+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f6
    $Ho^{8+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f5
    $Ho^{9+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f4
    $Ho^{10+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f3
    $Ho^{11+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f2
    $Ho^{12+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1
    $Ho^{13+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6

4. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 29
    O: 8
    P: 2



Atomic symbol: Er

Atomic number: 68

Name: Erbium

1. Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f12 6s2

2. Valence electrons: 6s2 4f12

3. Electronic configurations of its positive ions:
    $Er^{1+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f12 6s1
    $Er^{2+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f12
    $Er^{3+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f11
    $Er^{4+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f10
    $Er^{5+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f9
    $Er^{6+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f8
    $Er^{7+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f7
    $Er^{8+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f6
    $Er^{9+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f5
    $Er^{10+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f4
    $Er^{11+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f3
    $Er^{12+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f2
    $Er^{13+}$: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f1

4. Electrons per shell:
    K: 2
    L: 8
    M: 18
    N: 30
    O: 8
    P: 2

problem_type: 15/16 (loop 0/0)

Problem Template: _problem_oxides_of_an_element
Write oxides of element with atomic number 20
Answer:
oxides: $CaO$
Solution:
Atomic symbol: Ca

Atomic number: 20

Name: Calcium

electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

oxidation states: 2

oxides: $CaO$

----------------------------------------------------------

Calcium oxide:      $CaO$
molecular_weight = $56.0774$
monoisotopic_mass = $55.957504$
nominal_mass = $56$

Calcium oxide


Calcium oxide:      $CaO$
molecular_weight = $56.0774$
monoisotopic_mass = $55.957504$
nominal_mass = $56$

Calcium oxide

problem_type: 16/16 (loop 0/0)

ec : <class 'mendeleev.econf.ElectronicConfiguration'>

group : <class 'mendeleev.models.Group'>

ionenergies : <class 'dict'>

metadata : <class 'sqlalchemy.sql.schema.MetaData'>

oxistates : <class 'list'>

registry : <class 'sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.registry'>

sconst : <class 'dict'>

Problem Template: _problem_element_properties
List the properties of the element with atomic number 34
Answer:

34 Se Selenium


Abundance in the Earth’s crust:    0.05 mg/kg
Abundance in the seas:    0.0002 mg/L
Annotations regarding the data:    
Atomic number:    34
Atomic radius:    115.0 pm
Atomic radius by Rahm et al.:    224.00000000000003 pm
Atomic volume:    16.5 cm3/mol
Atomic weight1:    78.971
Atomic weight uncertainty1:    0.008
Block in periodic table:    p
Boiling temperature:    958.1 K
C_6 dispersion coefficient in a.u.:    210.0 a.u.
C_6 dispersion coefficient in a.u. (Gould & Bučko):    233.0 a.u.
Chemical Abstracts Serice identifier:    7782-49-2
covalent_radius:    115.99999999999999
Covalent radius by Bragg:    117.0 pm
Covalent radius by Cerdero et al.2:    120.0 pm
Single bond covalent radius by Pyykko et al.:    115.99999999999999 pm
Double bond covalent radius by Pyykko et al.:    107.0 pm
Triple bond covalent radius by Pyykko et al.:    107.0 pm
Element color in CPK convention:    #ff1493 HEX
Density at 295K:    4.809 g/cm3
Short description of the element:    Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.
Dipole polarizability:    28.9 a.u.
Dipole polarizability uncertainty:    1.0 a.u.
The discoverers of the element:    Jöns Berzelius
The location where the element was discovered:    Sweden
discovery_year:    1818
Ground state electron configuration:    [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4
Electron affinity3:    2.02067 eV
electronegativity:    2.55
electronegativity_allen:    14.34
electronegativity_allred_rochow:    0.000516498216409037
electronegativity_cottrell_sutton:    0.24477294193486396
electronegativity_ghosh:    0.2240328
electronegativity_gordy:    0.05991379310344828
electronegativity_li_xue:    {}
electronegativity_martynov_batsanov:    6.528391736612216
electronegativity_mulliken:    4.876196
electronegativity_nagle:    0.5921310056235959
electronegativity_pauling:    2.55
electronegativity_sanderson:    0.9659120763307081
electronegativity_scales:    ['allen', 'allred-rochow', 'cottrell-sutton', 'ghosh', 'gordy', 'li-xue', 'martynov-batsanov', 'mulliken', 'nagle', 'pauling', 'sanderson']
Number of electrons:    34
Electrophilicity index:    2.2408492709619536 eV
Allen’s scale of electronegativity4:    14.34 eV
Ghosh’s scale of electronegativity:    0.2240328
Pauling’s scale of electronegativity:    2.55
Evaporation heat:    59.7 kJ/mol
Fusion heat:    5.23 kJ/mol
Geochemical classification:    semi-volatile
Glawe’s number (scale):    95
Goldschmidt classification:    chalcophile
group_id:    16
hardness:    3.865861
Heat of formation:    227.2 kJ/mol
init_on_load:    None
Ionic and crystal radii in pm9:    [IonicRadius(
    atomic_number=34,
    charge=-2,
    coordination='VI',
    crystal_radius=184.0,
    econf='4p6',
    id=375,
    ionic_radius=198.0,
    most_reliable=False,
    origin="Pauling's (1960) crystal radius, ",
    spin='',
), IonicRadius(
    atomic_number=34,
    charge=4,
    coordination='VI',
    crystal_radius=64.0,
    econf='4s2',
    id=376,
    ionic_radius=50.0,
    most_reliable=False,
    origin='Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, ',
    spin='',
), IonicRadius(
    atomic_number=34,
    charge=6,
    coordination='IV',
    crystal_radius=42.0,
    econf='3d10',
    id=377,
    ionic_radius=28.000000000000004,
    most_reliable=True,
    origin='',
    spin='',
), IonicRadius(
    atomic_number=34,
    charge=6,
    coordination='VI',
    crystal_radius=56.00000000000001,
    econf='3d10',
    id=378,
    ionic_radius=42.0,
    most_reliable=False,
    origin='calculated, ',
    spin='',
)] pm
Is the element radioactive:    False
Isotopes:    [, , , , , , ]
Element color in Jmol convention:    #ffa100 HEX
Lattice constant:    4.36 Angstrom
Lattice structure code:    HEX
mass:    78.971
Mass number:    80
mass_str:    78.971
Melting temperature:    490.0 K
Mendeleev’s number5:    101
Single-bond metallic radius:    117.0 pm
Metallic radius with 12 nearest neighbors:    140.0 pm
molar_heat_capacity:    25.363
Element color in MOCAS GV convention:    #ffa100 HEX
Name in English:    Selenium
Origin of the name:    Greek: selênê (moon).
Number of neutrons (most abundant isotope):    46
nvalence:    6
oxides:    ['SeO3', 'SeO2']
Period in periodic table:    4
Pettifor scale:    93
Number of protons:    34
screening_constants:    [, , , , , , , ]
Index to chemical series:    Nonmetals
softness:    0.12933729381371964
Sources of the element:    Obtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light.
Specific heat @ 20 C:    0.321 J/(g mol)
specific_heat_capacity:    0.321
Chemical symbol:    Se
Thermal conductivity @25 C:    0.52 W/(m K)
Applications of the element:    Light causes it to conduct electricity more easily. It is used in photoelectric cells, TV cameras, xerography machines and as a semiconductor in solar batteries and rectifiers. Also colors glass red.
Van der Waals radius:    190.0 pm
Van der Waals radius according to Alvarez7:    182.0 pm
Van der Waals radius according to Batsanov:    190.0 pm
Van der Waals radius according to Bondi:    190.0 pm
Van der Waals radius from the DREIDING FF:    403.0 pm
Van der Waals radius from the MM3 FF:    229.0 pm
Van der Waals radius from the UFF:    420.5 pm
zeff:    6.949999999999999
Solution:

34 Se Selenium


Abundance in the Earth’s crust:    0.05 mg/kg
Abundance in the seas:    0.0002 mg/L
Annotations regarding the data:    
Atomic number:    34
Atomic radius:    115.0 pm
Atomic radius by Rahm et al.:    224.00000000000003 pm
Atomic volume:    16.5 cm3/mol
Atomic weight1:    78.971
Atomic weight uncertainty1:    0.008
Block in periodic table:    p
Boiling temperature:    958.1 K
C_6 dispersion coefficient in a.u.:    210.0 a.u.
C_6 dispersion coefficient in a.u. (Gould & Bučko):    233.0 a.u.
Chemical Abstracts Serice identifier:    7782-49-2
covalent_radius:    115.99999999999999
Covalent radius by Bragg:    117.0 pm
Covalent radius by Cerdero et al.2:    120.0 pm
Single bond covalent radius by Pyykko et al.:    115.99999999999999 pm
Double bond covalent radius by Pyykko et al.:    107.0 pm
Triple bond covalent radius by Pyykko et al.:    107.0 pm
Element color in CPK convention:    #ff1493 HEX
Density at 295K:    4.809 g/cm3
Short description of the element:    Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.
Dipole polarizability:    28.9 a.u.
Dipole polarizability uncertainty:    1.0 a.u.
The discoverers of the element:    Jöns Berzelius
The location where the element was discovered:    Sweden
discovery_year:    1818
Ground state electron configuration:    [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4
Electron affinity3:    2.02067 eV
electronegativity:    2.55
electronegativity_allen:    14.34
electronegativity_allred_rochow:    0.000516498216409037
electronegativity_cottrell_sutton:    0.24477294193486396
electronegativity_ghosh:    0.2240328
electronegativity_gordy:    0.05991379310344828
electronegativity_li_xue:    {}
electronegativity_martynov_batsanov:    6.528391736612216
electronegativity_mulliken:    4.876196
electronegativity_nagle:    0.5921310056235959
electronegativity_pauling:    2.55
electronegativity_sanderson:    0.9659120763307081
electronegativity_scales:    ['allen', 'allred-rochow', 'cottrell-sutton', 'ghosh', 'gordy', 'li-xue', 'martynov-batsanov', 'mulliken', 'nagle', 'pauling', 'sanderson']
Number of electrons:    34
Electrophilicity index:    2.2408492709619536 eV
Allen’s scale of electronegativity4:    14.34 eV
Ghosh’s scale of electronegativity:    0.2240328
Pauling’s scale of electronegativity:    2.55
Evaporation heat:    59.7 kJ/mol
Fusion heat:    5.23 kJ/mol
Geochemical classification:    semi-volatile
Glawe’s number (scale):    95
Goldschmidt classification:    chalcophile
group_id:    16
hardness:    3.865861
Heat of formation:    227.2 kJ/mol
init_on_load:    None
Ionic and crystal radii in pm9:    [IonicRadius(
    atomic_number=34,
    charge=-2,
    coordination='VI',
    crystal_radius=184.0,
    econf='4p6',
    id=375,
    ionic_radius=198.0,
    most_reliable=False,
    origin="Pauling's (1960) crystal radius, ",
    spin='',
), IonicRadius(
    atomic_number=34,
    charge=4,
    coordination='VI',
    crystal_radius=64.0,
    econf='4s2',
    id=376,
    ionic_radius=50.0,
    most_reliable=False,
    origin='Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, ',
    spin='',
), IonicRadius(
    atomic_number=34,
    charge=6,
    coordination='IV',
    crystal_radius=42.0,
    econf='3d10',
    id=377,
    ionic_radius=28.000000000000004,
    most_reliable=True,
    origin='',
    spin='',
), IonicRadius(
    atomic_number=34,
    charge=6,
    coordination='VI',
    crystal_radius=56.00000000000001,
    econf='3d10',
    id=378,
    ionic_radius=42.0,
    most_reliable=False,
    origin='calculated, ',
    spin='',
)] pm
Is the element radioactive:    False
Isotopes:    [, , , , , , ]
Element color in Jmol convention:    #ffa100 HEX
Lattice constant:    4.36 Angstrom
Lattice structure code:    HEX
mass:    78.971
Mass number:    80
mass_str:    78.971
Melting temperature:    490.0 K
Mendeleev’s number5:    101
Single-bond metallic radius:    117.0 pm
Metallic radius with 12 nearest neighbors:    140.0 pm
molar_heat_capacity:    25.363
Element color in MOCAS GV convention:    #ffa100 HEX
Name in English:    Selenium
Origin of the name:    Greek: selênê (moon).
Number of neutrons (most abundant isotope):    46
nvalence:    6
oxides:    ['SeO3', 'SeO2']
Period in periodic table:    4
Pettifor scale:    93
Number of protons:    34
screening_constants:    [, , , , , , , ]
Index to chemical series:    Nonmetals
softness:    0.12933729381371964
Sources of the element:    Obtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light.
Specific heat @ 20 C:    0.321 J/(g mol)
specific_heat_capacity:    0.321
Chemical symbol:    Se
Thermal conductivity @25 C:    0.52 W/(m K)
Applications of the element:    Light causes it to conduct electricity more easily. It is used in photoelectric cells, TV cameras, xerography machines and as a semiconductor in solar batteries and rectifiers. Also colors glass red.
Van der Waals radius:    190.0 pm
Van der Waals radius according to Alvarez7:    182.0 pm
Van der Waals radius according to Batsanov:    190.0 pm
Van der Waals radius according to Bondi:    190.0 pm
Van der Waals radius from the DREIDING FF:    403.0 pm
Van der Waals radius from the MM3 FF:    229.0 pm
Van der Waals radius from the UFF:    420.5 pm
zeff:    6.949999999999999
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kindergarten

  1. Arithmetic
  2. Identify Pictures
  3. Learn Words

Python for kids

  1. How We Teach Exponents and Powers to Kids
  2. Plotting points
  3. Learning shapes, size and color
  4. Learning Coordinate Geometry
  5. Draw Shapes With Points Using Matplotlib Module
  6. Learn Coordinate Geometry With Intuitive Way - Part 1
  7. Teaching Geometry to Grade 3 Kids
  8. Plotting Simple Line, Bar And Pie Chart
  9. Draw Dream House Using Python Matplotlib Module
  10. Draw Circle - Diameter, Radius, Arc and Segment Using Python Matplotlib Module
  11. Draw Badminton Court Using Python Matplotlib Module
  12. Let Us Play With Carrom Board in Python
  13. Draw Some Interesting Pattern With Numpy & Matplotlib Module
  14. Step by Step Draw Boy Using Matplotlib Module
  15. Make Shapes With SystemOfBobies
  16. Draw Cartoon
  17. Draw Two Cartoons Inside House
  18. 3Dimension Plotting in Python
  19. Solar System
  20. Plot World, Continent and Cities

Fourier series

  1. Plotting fourier series

Linear Equations

  1. Linear Equations

Geometry

  1. Cone geometry
  2. Cube geometry
  3. Cylinder geometry
  4. Disk geometry
  5. Open top box geometry
  6. Rectangle geometry
  7. Ring geometry
  8. Saturn geometry
  9. Sphere geometry

Laplace

  1. Laplace transfomation plotting in 3D

Vectors

  1. Reference frames 3d
  2. Vector implimentation 2 vectors
  3. Vector with numpy and sympy

Differential equations

  1. First order differential equations

Functions

  1. Function plotting in 3D
  2. Function plotting in 2D

Jacobian

  1. Jacobian

Lagrangian

  1. Lagrange multipliers
  2. Lagrange example

Waves

  1. Plot electromagnectic waves

Electromagnetism

  1. Field plot
  2. Electric fields
  3. Fields
  4. Charges on Equilateral Triangle

Optics

  1. Lens optics geometry
  2. Mirror optics geometry

Quantum mechanics concepts

  1. Dirac notation and photon polarisation
  2. Photon polarisation
  3. Electron spin
  4. Position momentum and heisenberg
  5. The EPR paradox explanation
  6. Energy operators the hamiltonian and schrodinger
  7. The harmonic oscillator
  8. Schrodinger equation a simple derivation

Theory of relativity

  1. Derivation of time dilation
  2. Gamma factor
  3. Spacetime reference frames equations

Kinematics

  1. Circular motion

Thermodynamics

  1. Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics
  2. Introductory chemical engineering thermodynamics

Formulae

  1. Formulae

A level physics

  1. Classical mechanics

Chemistry

  1. ChemCalcManager
  2. ChemistryFormulaManager
  3. ElementGroupManager
  4. ElementsManager
  5. EnvironmentManager
  6. MolarManager
  7. MoleculesManager
  8. PeriodicTableManager
  9. ReactivityManager
  10. SmilesManager
  11. VisualizationManager

English

  1. Book Manager
  2. Word Manager
  3. Grammar Manager
  4. Tense Manager
  5. Vocabulary Manager
  6. Learn Language Manager
  7. I sat with cat - Poem by Ishwarya
  8. There was a bug - Poem by Ishwarya
  9. The dog was doing a jog - Poem by Ishwarya

Geography

  1. Solar System
  2. Plot World, Continent and Cities

Animation

  1. Animate Circle With SVG
  2. Animate Stars in Different Directions Kids
  3. Move Box in HTML

Plotting

  1. Matplotlib Introduction
  2. Single Line Plots
  3. Bar Plots
  4. Histograms Plots
  5. Types of Plotting
  6. Seaborn Introduction
  7. Seaborn Scatterplot
  8. Seaborn Barplot
  9. Seaborn Boxplot
  10. Seaborn Pairplot
  11. Seaborn Heatmap
  12. Seaborn Seaborn Pandas
  13. Seaborn Plot a Simple Linear Relationship Between Two Variables
  14. Seaborn Displot
  15. Seaborn Palette
  16. Three-Dimensional Plotting in Matplotlib
  17. Interactive Visualizations With Bokeh Part 1
  18. Data Visualization With Seaborn - Part 1

SVG

  1. SVG Shapes
  2. SVG Shapes Advanced
  3. Animate Circle With SVG
  4. SVG Animation
  5. SVG Text
  6. Can We Write Alphabets With Help of SVG?

Python

  1. Searching Text in Multiple Files in Python
  2. Working With MongoDB & Python Using PyMongo and Pandas
  3. Capture Date, Phone and Email From Text With Regular Expression in Python
  4. Set Operations in Python
  5. Extract Table Data From Wikipedia Using Web Scraping With Python
  6. Word Cloud for a Website
  7. Sqlite Relational Database Management With Python
  8. How to Import Data From a MySql Database Into Pandas Data Frame
  9. Python Object Serialization and Deserialization With Pickle
  10. Regular Expression Operations in Python
  11. Creating and Writing to Different Type of Files in Python
  12. Convert Word file to PDF, HTML and PDF to JPG, PNG in Python

Machine Learning

  1. Deal Banking Marketing Campaign Dataset With Machine Learning

TensorFlow

  1. Difference Between Scalar, Vector, Matrix and Tensor
  2. TensorFlow Deep Learning Model With IRIS Dataset
  3. Sequence to Sequence Learning With Neural Networks To Perform Number Addition
  4. Image Classification Model MobileNet V2 from TensorFlow Hub
  5. Step by Step Intent Recognition With BERT
  6. Sentiment Analysis for Hotel Reviews With NLTK and Keras
  7. Simple Sequence Prediction With LSTM
  8. Image Classification With ResNet50 Model
  9. Predict Amazon Inc Stock Price with Machine Learning
  10. Predict Diabetes With Machine Learning Algorithms
  11. TensorFlow Build Custom Convolutional Neural Network With MNIST Dataset
  12. Deal Banking Marketing Campaign Dataset With Machine Learning

PySpark

  1. How to Parallelize and Distribute Collection in PySpark
  2. Role of StringIndexer and Pipelines in PySpark ML Feature - Part 1
  3. Role of OneHotEncoder and Pipelines in PySpark ML Feature - Part 2
  4. Feature Transformer VectorAssembler in PySpark ML Feature - Part 3
  5. Logistic Regression in PySpark (ML Feature) with Breast Cancer Data Set

PyTorch

  1. Build the Neural Network with PyTorch
  2. Image Classification with PyTorch
  3. Twitter Sentiment Classification In PyTorch
  4. Training an Image Classifier in Pytorch

Natural Language Processing

  1. Spelling Correction Of The Text Data In Natural Language Processing
  2. Handling Text For Machine Learning
  3. Extracting Text From PDF File in Python Using PyPDF2
  4. How to Collect Data Using Twitter API V2 For Natural Language Processing
  5. Converting Text to Features in Natural Language Processing
  6. Extract A Noun Phrase For A Sentence In Natural Language Processing

Others

  1. test-nutan
  2. QuestionManager.ipynb
  3. ActivityManager.ipynb
  4. Why us?
  5. How to Setup Wordpress Website Step by Step in Ubuntu VPS
  6. Setup Plesk Panel and Deploy Wordpress Website in Ubuntu VPS - Part 1
  7. Deploy a New Server With Plesk Control Panel - Part 2
  8. Setup Plesk Control Panel For Wordpress Website - Part 3
  9. Deploy Wordpress Website In Plesk Control Panel - Part 4
  10. HTML Basic Example
  11. Install MongoDB Community Server in Windows10
  12. How to Setup SAP BTP Trial Account and Create SAP HANA Cloud Database
  13. Connect SAP Hana Cloud Database Through Python
  14. How To Create a Self-Signed SSL Certificate for Apache in Ubuntu Virtual Cloud Server
  15. Consume Rest API in Django Web Application
  16. Setup GIT Repository in Ubuntu VPS
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