from xv.history.managers import RomanEmpireManager

ke = RomanEmpireManager(verbose = False)

ke.printProblemTypes()

0. _problem_random_question_from_rich_text
1. _problem_random_saq_question
2. _problem_random_mcq_question

ke.getRandomProblem(problem_type = -1)

Christianity's status under Nero was

1. the new imperial cult
2. persecuted
3. tolerated but illegal
4. the official state religion

ke.printAnswer()

2. persecuted

ke.printSolution()

Question. Christianity's status under Nero was

1. the new imperial cult
2. persecuted
3. tolerated but illegal
4. the official state religion

Answer. 2. persecuted

from IPython.display import HTML
n = len(ke._problemTemplates)
max_loop = 10
for j in range(0, max_loop):
    for i in range(n):
        problem_type = i
        display(HTML(f"<h2>problem_type: {problem_type}/{n-1} (loop {j}/{max_loop-1})</h2>"))
        ke.getRandomProblem(problem_type = problem_type, verbose = True)
        display(ke.printProblem())

        display(HTML(f"<h6>Answer:</h6>"))
        display(ke.printAnswer())

        display(HTML(f"<h6>Solution:</h6>"))
        display(ke.printSolution())
        pass

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 0/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Unscramble the word:
tutsi

The word has been taken from the following paragraph:
After Nero, four claimants to power emerged. Vespasianus (r. 69-79), the commander in Judaea, emerged as victor from this Year of the Four Emperors. He established the Flavian dynasty, represented by his sons Titus (80-81) and Domitian (r. 81-96). A more sober administration emerged, bringing more equestrians into service, with the Emperors themselves not originating in Rome. Conflicts with Germanic tribes such as the Quadi and Marcomanni indicated the future difficulties, while Dacian marauding in the Danube region provided opportunities for Roman conquest, realized under Nerva (96-98) and Trajan (98-117).

Answer:

titus

Solution:

titus

After Nero, four claimants to power emerged. Vespasianus (r. 69-79), the commander in Judaea, emerged as victor from this Year of the Four Emperors. He established the Flavian dynasty, represented by his sons Titus (80-81) and Domitian (r. 81-96). A more sober administration emerged, bringing more equestrians into service, with the Emperors themselves not originating in Rome. Conflicts with Germanic tribes such as the Quadi and Marcomanni indicated the future difficulties, while Dacian marauding in the Danube region provided opportunities for Roman conquest, realized under Nerva (96-98) and Trajan (98-117).

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 0/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

Which languages were used for administrative purposes in the early empire of Roman civilization?

Answer:

For the purpose of administration, Latin and Greek were the most widely used languages.

Solution:

Question. Which languages were used for administrative purposes in the early empire of Roman civilization?

Answer. For the purpose of administration, Latin and Greek were the most widely used languages.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 0/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Latifundiabegan as

1. regions settled by Barbarians, from which they received share of agricultural surplus
2. provincial notables' large agricultural estates worked by landless peasants
3. Emperor's estates administered by decurions
4. North African Grain Reserves

Answer:

2. provincial notables' large agricultural estates worked by landless peasants

Solution:

Question. Latifundiabegan as

1. regions settled by Barbarians, from which they received share of agricultural surplus
2. provincial notables' large agricultural estates worked by landless peasants
3. Emperor's estates administered by decurions
4. North African Grain Reserves

Answer. 2. provincial notables' large agricultural estates worked by landless peasants

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 1/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Fill in the blanks with the given words. Change the form of words if necessary.
senators, equites
*The __________, (knights or horsemen) were traditionally the second most powerful and wealthy group. Originally, they were families whose property qualified them to serve in the cavalry, hence the name. Like __________, most knights were landowners, but unlike __________ many of them were shipowners, traders and bankers, that is, involved in business activities.
senators, equites

Answer:

*The equites, (knights or horsemen) were traditionally the second most powerful and wealthy group. Originally, they were families whose property qualified them to serve in the cavalry, hence the name. Like senators, most knights were landowners, but unlike senators many of them were shipowners, traders and bankers, that is, involved in business activities.

Solution:

*The equites, (knights or horsemen) were traditionally the second most powerful and wealthy group. Originally, they were families whose property qualified them to serve in the cavalry, hence the name. Like senators, most knights were landowners, but unlike senators many of them were shipowners, traders and bankers, that is, involved in business activities.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 1/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

What was the system to judge the behavior of Emperor in the Roman Empire?

Answer:

The Emperors were judged by how they behaved towards the Senate.

Solution:

Question. What was the system to judge the behavior of Emperor in the Roman Empire?

Answer. The Emperors were judged by how they behaved towards the Senate.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 1/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

When did Caesar die?

1. 1 March 44 BCE
2. 15 March 44 BCE
3. 15 March 47 BCE
4. 33 BCE

Answer:

2. 15 March 44 BCE

Solution:

Question. When did Caesar die?

1. 1 March 44 BCE
2. 15 March 44 BCE
3. 15 March 47 BCE
4. 33 BCE

Answer. 2. 15 March 44 BCE

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 2/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

The words have been interchanged. Please put them in proper places.
marcus antonius, actium, octavian, caesar
By 47 BCE Actium had won the civil war against Pompei, and soon became dictator, planning a major reconstruction of republican government. He was assassinated in 44, however, by a conspiracy of senators acting to save the Republic. Marcus Antonius then stepped forward as major claimant to power, while the Senate coalesced around Octavian, an heir listed in Actium's will. After indecisive battles, the two put off final conflict in a second triumvirate, including Lepidus. Finally, the former two broke, and in 30 BCE, Octavian defeated Mark Antony at Caesar. In the next twenty years, Octavian (now named Augustus) created the Principate, a new form of Roman government giving increased powers to a non-elective Princeps who would evolve into Emperor by the mid-first century CE.
marcus antonius, actium, octavian, caesar

Answer:

By 47 BCE Caesar had won the civil war against Pompei, and soon became dictator, planning a major reconstruction of republican government. He was assassinated in 44, however, by a conspiracy of senators acting to save the Republic. Marcus Antonius then stepped forward as major claimant to power, while the Senate coalesced around Octavian, an heir listed in Caesar's will. After indecisive battles, the two put off final conflict in a second triumvirate, including Lepidus. Finally, the former two broke, and in 30 BCE, Octavian defeated Mark Antony at Actium. In the next twenty years, Octavian (now named Augustus) created the Principate, a new form of Roman government giving increased powers to a non-elective Princeps who would evolve into Emperor by the mid-first century CE.

Solution:

By 47 BCE Caesar had won the civil war against Pompei, and soon became dictator, planning a major reconstruction of republican government. He was assassinated in 44, however, by a conspiracy of senators acting to save the Republic. Marcus Antonius then stepped forward as major claimant to power, while the Senate coalesced around Octavian, an heir listed in Caesar's will. After indecisive battles, the two put off final conflict in a second triumvirate, including Lepidus. Finally, the former two broke, and in 30 BCE, Octavian defeated Mark Antony at Actium. In the next twenty years, Octavian (now named Augustus) created the Principate, a new form of Roman government giving increased powers to a non-elective Princeps who would evolve into Emperor by the mid-first century CE.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 2/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

Which language had been used for translation of the Bible?

Answer:

Coptic was used for translation of the Bible by the middle of the third century.

Solution:

Question. Which language had been used for translation of the Bible?

Answer. Coptic was used for translation of the Bible by the middle of the third century.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 2/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Who innovated a standing army?

1. Augustus
2. Agrippa
3. Marius
4. Caesar

Answer:

1. Augustus

Solution:

Question. Who innovated a standing army?

1. Augustus
2. Agrippa
3. Marius
4. Caesar

Answer. 1. Augustus

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 3/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Sort the sentences into a meaningful order:

1. Latin (spoken in Rome) was the main language of the empire, though many in the east continued to use Greek, and the Romans had a great respect for Hellenic culture.
2. The forces of Rome established a network for trade between the states that had once been part of Alexanders empire.
3. Government was based on a complex system of election, but its political institutions gave some importance to birth and wealth and society benefited from slavery.
4. In the middle of the first century BCE, under Julius Caesar, a high-born military commander, this Roman Empire was extended to present-day Britain and Germany.
5. At the time, Rome was a republic.
6. There were changes in the political structure of the empire from the late first century BCE, and it was substantially Christianised after the emperor Constantine became a Christian in the fourth century CE.

Answer:

At the time, Rome was a republic. Government was based on a complex system of election, but its political institutions gave some importance to birth and wealth and society benefited from slavery. The forces of Rome established a network for trade between the states that had once been part of Alexanders empire. In the middle of the first century BCE, under Julius Caesar, a high-born military commander, this Roman Empire was extended to present-day Britain and Germany. Latin (spoken in Rome) was the main language of the empire, though many in the east continued to use Greek, and the Romans had a great respect for Hellenic culture. There were changes in the political structure of the empire from the late first century BCE, and it was substantially Christianised after the emperor Constantine became a Christian in the fourth century CE.

Solution:

At the time, Rome was a republic. Government was based on a complex system of election, but its political institutions gave some importance to birth and wealth and society benefited from slavery. The forces of Rome established a network for trade between the states that had once been part of Alexanders empire. In the middle of the first century BCE, under Julius Caesar, a high-born military commander, this Roman Empire was extended to present-day Britain and Germany. Latin (spoken in Rome) was the main language of the empire, though many in the east continued to use Greek, and the Romans had a great respect for Hellenic culture. There were changes in the political structure of the empire from the late first century BCE, and it was substantially Christianised after the emperor Constantine became a Christian in the fourth century CE.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 3/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

How had Emperor Gallienus ruled?

Answer:

The Emperor Gallienus consolidated their rise to power by excluding senators from military command and reorganized the army.

Solution:

Question. How had Emperor Gallienus ruled?

Answer. The Emperor Gallienus consolidated their rise to power by excluding senators from military command and reorganized the army.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 3/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Marcomanni were

1. Parthian horsemen
2. Italian peasants
3. Dacian refugees
4. Germanic tribals along Danube-Rhine

Answer:

4. Germanic tribals along Danube-Rhine

Solution:

Question. Marcomanni were

1. Parthian horsemen
2. Italian peasants
3. Dacian refugees
4. Germanic tribals along Danube-Rhine

Answer. 4. Germanic tribals along Danube-Rhine

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 4/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Insert the sentence in the passage below. Use punctuation if needed.
The success of the Spanish olive growers was then repeated by North African producers olive estates in this part of the empire dominated production through most of the third and fourth centuries.

Passage
regions competed with each other for control of the main markets for the goods they produced. Later, after 425, North African dominance was broken by the East: in the later fifth and sixth centuries the Aegean, southern Asia Minor (Turkey), Syria and Palestine became major exporters of wine and olive oil, and containers from Africa show a dramatically reduced presence on Mediterranean markets. Behind these broad movements the prosperity of individual regions rose and fell depending on how effectively they could organise the production and transport of particular goods, and on the quality of those goods.

Answer:

regions competed with each other for control of the main markets for the goods they produced.

The success of the Spanish olive growers was then repeated by North African producers olive estates in this part of the empire dominated production through most of the third and fourth centuries.

Later, after 425, North African dominance was broken by the East: in the later fifth and sixth centuries the Aegean, southern Asia Minor (Turkey), Syria and Palestine became major exporters of wine and olive oil, and containers from Africa show a dramatically reduced presence on Mediterranean markets. Behind these broad movements the prosperity of individual regions rose and fell depending on how effectively they could organise the production and transport of particular goods, and on the quality of those goods.

Solution:

regions competed with each other for control of the main markets for the goods they produced.

The success of the Spanish olive growers was then repeated by North African producers olive estates in this part of the empire dominated production through most of the third and fourth centuries.

Later, after 425, North African dominance was broken by the East: in the later fifth and sixth centuries the Aegean, southern Asia Minor (Turkey), Syria and Palestine became major exporters of wine and olive oil, and containers from Africa show a dramatically reduced presence on Mediterranean markets. Behind these broad movements the prosperity of individual regions rose and fell depending on how effectively they could organise the production and transport of particular goods, and on the quality of those goods.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 4/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

What does ‘Post – Roman’ mean in the 540’s?

Answer:

The general prosperity was especially marked in the East where population was still expanding till the sixth century, despite the impact of the plague which affected the Mediterranean in the 540’s. In the West, by contrast, the empire fragmented politically as Germanic groups from the North took over all the major provinces and established kingdoms that are best described as ‘Post-Roman’.

Solution:

Question. What does ‘Post – Roman’ mean in the 540’s?

Answer. The general prosperity was especially marked in the East where population was still expanding till the sixth century, despite the impact of the plague which affected the Mediterranean in the 540’s. In the West, by contrast, the empire fragmented politically as Germanic groups from the North took over all the major provinces and established kingdoms that are best described as ‘Post-Roman’.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 4/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

What was the Barbarian attitude to Rome?

1. Awe and resentment
2. attraction and unquestioning loyalty
3. Rome was barbarous
4. material attraction, and possibly as a safe haven

Answer:

4. material attraction, and possibly as a safe haven

Solution:

Question. What was the Barbarian attitude to Rome?

1. Awe and resentment
2. attraction and unquestioning loyalty
3. Rome was barbarous
4. material attraction, and possibly as a safe haven

Answer. 4. material attraction, and possibly as a safe haven

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 5/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

The words have been interchanged. Please put them in proper places.
senators, equites
*The senators, (knights or horsemen) were traditionally the second most powerful and wealthy group. Originally, they were families whose property qualified them to serve in the cavalry, hence the name. Like equites, most knights were landowners, but unlike equites many of them were shipowners, traders and bankers, that is, involved in business activities.
senators, equites

Answer:

*The equites, (knights or horsemen) were traditionally the second most powerful and wealthy group. Originally, they were families whose property qualified them to serve in the cavalry, hence the name. Like senators, most knights were landowners, but unlike senators many of them were shipowners, traders and bankers, that is, involved in business activities.

Solution:

*The equites, (knights or horsemen) were traditionally the second most powerful and wealthy group. Originally, they were families whose property qualified them to serve in the cavalry, hence the name. Like senators, most knights were landowners, but unlike senators many of them were shipowners, traders and bankers, that is, involved in business activities.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 5/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

What was the status of father in Roman families?

Answer:

Father had substantial legal control over their children.

Solution:

Question. What was the status of father in Roman families?

Answer. Father had substantial legal control over their children.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 5/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

How were Caesar and Augustus related?

1. nephew, and later adopted heir
2. father and son
3. servant and master
4. cousins

Answer:

1. nephew, and later adopted heir

Solution:

Question. How were Caesar and Augustus related?

1. nephew, and later adopted heir
2. father and son
3. servant and master
4. cousins

Answer. 1. nephew, and later adopted heir

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 6/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Sort the sentences into a meaningful order:

1. They also benefited from close trade with nomadic people to the north of the Black Sea.
2. Alexanders troops retreated, though many Greeks stayed behind.
3. From among the Greek states, in the late fourth century BCE, the ruler of the kingdom of Macedon, Alexander, undertook a series of military campaigns and conquered parts of North Africa, West Asia and Iran, reaching up to the Beas.
4. Here, his soldiers refused to proceed further east.
5. In the eastern Mediterranean, Greek cities and their colonies benefited from improvements in trade that were the result of these changes.
6. In Greece, for the most part, city-states such as Athens and Sparta were the focus of civic life.

Answer:

In the eastern Mediterranean, Greek cities and their colonies benefited from improvements in trade that were the result of these changes. They also benefited from close trade with nomadic people to the north of the Black Sea. In Greece, for the most part, city-states such as Athens and Sparta were the focus of civic life. From among the Greek states, in the late fourth century BCE, the ruler of the kingdom of Macedon, Alexander, undertook a series of military campaigns and conquered parts of North Africa, West Asia and Iran, reaching up to the Beas. Here, his soldiers refused to proceed further east. Alexanders troops retreated, though many Greeks stayed behind.

Solution:

In the eastern Mediterranean, Greek cities and their colonies benefited from improvements in trade that were the result of these changes. They also benefited from close trade with nomadic people to the north of the Black Sea. In Greece, for the most part, city-states such as Athens and Sparta were the focus of civic life. From among the Greek states, in the late fourth century BCE, the ruler of the kingdom of Macedon, Alexander, undertook a series of military campaigns and conquered parts of North Africa, West Asia and Iran, reaching up to the Beas. Here, his soldiers refused to proceed further east. Alexanders troops retreated, though many Greeks stayed behind.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 6/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

How was the infrastructure during the Roman empire?

Answer:

The infrastructure system in ancient Rome was complex. A system of thirteen Roman aqueducts provided the inhabitants of Rome with water of varying quality, the best being reserved for potable supplies. Water was used in public baths and in latrines. Inferior types of latrine systems have been found in many places, such as house steads, a Roman fort on Hadrian’s Wall in Pompeii, Herculaneum, and elsewhere that flushed waste away with a stream of water. Romans used sea sponges on a stick and dipped in vinegar after defecation.

Solution:

Question. How was the infrastructure during the Roman empire?

Answer. The infrastructure system in ancient Rome was complex. A system of thirteen Roman aqueducts provided the inhabitants of Rome with water of varying quality, the best being reserved for potable supplies. Water was used in public baths and in latrines. Inferior types of latrine systems have been found in many places, such as house steads, a Roman fort on Hadrian’s Wall in Pompeii, Herculaneum, and elsewhere that flushed waste away with a stream of water. Romans used sea sponges on a stick and dipped in vinegar after defecation.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 6/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

When was the second Jewish revolt?

1. Under Hadrian
2. under Caligula
3. Under Vespasian
4. under Nero

Answer:

1. Under Hadrian

Solution:

Question. When was the second Jewish revolt?

1. Under Hadrian
2. under Caligula
3. Under Vespasian
4. under Nero

Answer. 1. Under Hadrian

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 7/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Sort the following into a meaningful sentence:

1. millennia that followed
2. the establishment
3. ver the two

Answer:

VER the two millennia that followed the establishment

Solution:

VER the two millennia that followed the establishment

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 7/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

Define the term the ‘Late Roman bureaucracy’.

Answer:

The ‘Late Roman bureaucracy’ for both the higher and the middle echelons was a comparatively affluent group because it drew the bulk of its salary in gold and invested much of this in buying up of landed property. There was, of course, a great deal of corruption, especially in the judicial system and in the administration of military supplies. The extortion of the higher bureaucracy and the greed of the provincial governors were common.

Solution:

Question. Define the term the ‘Late Roman bureaucracy’.

Answer. The ‘Late Roman bureaucracy’ for both the higher and the middle echelons was a comparatively affluent group because it drew the bulk of its salary in gold and invested much of this in buying up of landed property. There was, of course, a great deal of corruption, especially in the judicial system and in the administration of military supplies. The extortion of the higher bureaucracy and the greed of the provincial governors were common.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 7/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Alimenta was begun under

1. Trajan
2. Claudius
3. Hadrian
4. Nerva

Answer:

4. Nerva

Solution:

Question. Alimenta was begun under

1. Trajan
2. Claudius
3. Hadrian
4. Nerva

Answer. 4. Nerva

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 8/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Insert the sentence in the passage below. Use punctuation if needed.
From the fifth century on, the empire fell apart in the west but remained intact and exceptionally prosperous in its eastern half.

Passage
THE Roman Empire covered a vast stretch of territory that included most of Europe as we know it today and a large part of the Fertile Crescent and North Africa. In this chapter we shall look at the way this empire was organised, the political forces that shaped its destiny, and the social groups into which people were divided. You will see that the empire embraced a wealth of local cultures and languages; that women had a stronger legal position then than they do in many countries today; but also that much of the economy was run on slave labour, denying freedom to substantial numbers of persons. The caliphate which you will read about in the next chapter built on this prosperity and inherited its urban and religious traditions.

Answer:

THE Roman Empire covered a vast stretch of territory that included most of Europe as we know it today and a large part of the Fertile Crescent and North Africa. In this chapter we shall look at the way this empire was organised, the political forces that shaped its destiny, and the social groups into which people were divided. You will see that the empire embraced a wealth of local cultures and languages; that women had a stronger legal position then than they do in many countries today; but also that much of the economy was run on slave labour, denying freedom to substantial numbers of persons.

From the fifth century on, the empire fell apart in the west but remained intact and exceptionally prosperous in its eastern half.

The caliphate which you will read about in the next chapter built on this prosperity and inherited its urban and religious traditions.

Solution:

THE Roman Empire covered a vast stretch of territory that included most of Europe as we know it today and a large part of the Fertile Crescent and North Africa. In this chapter we shall look at the way this empire was organised, the political forces that shaped its destiny, and the social groups into which people were divided. You will see that the empire embraced a wealth of local cultures and languages; that women had a stronger legal position then than they do in many countries today; but also that much of the economy was run on slave labour, denying freedom to substantial numbers of persons.

From the fifth century on, the empire fell apart in the west but remained intact and exceptionally prosperous in its eastern half.

The caliphate which you will read about in the next chapter built on this prosperity and inherited its urban and religious traditions.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 8/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

What was Dressel 20 in Spain?

Answer:

The Spanish olive oil of the middle of the third century was mainly carried in a container that was called ‘Dressel 20.

Solution:

Question. What was Dressel 20 in Spain?

Answer. The Spanish olive oil of the middle of the third century was mainly carried in a container that was called ‘Dressel 20.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 8/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

The Flavian emperors were of what background?

1. Italian provincial equestrian
2. Gaulic, tribal
3. Iberian, military
4. Balkan, commercial

Answer:

1. Italian provincial equestrian

Solution:

Question. The Flavian emperors were of what background?

1. Italian provincial equestrian
2. Gaulic, tribal
3. Iberian, military
4. Balkan, commercial

Answer. 1. Italian provincial equestrian

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 9/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Unscramble the word:
macrusu ntonias

The word has been taken from the following paragraph:
By 47 BCE Caesar had won the civil war against Pompei, and soon became dictator, planning a major reconstruction of republican government. He was assassinated in 44, however, by a conspiracy of senators acting to save the Republic. Marcus Antonius then stepped forward as major claimant to power, while the Senate coalesced around Octavian, an heir listed in Caesar's will. After indecisive battles, the two put off final conflict in a second triumvirate, including Lepidus. Finally, the former two broke, and in 30 BCE, Octavian defeated Mark Antony at Actium. In the next twenty years, Octavian (now named Augustus) created the Principate, a new form of Roman government giving increased powers to a non-elective Princeps who would evolve into Emperor by the mid-first century CE.

Answer:

marcus antonius

Solution:

marcus antonius

By 47 BCE Caesar had won the civil war against Pompei, and soon became dictator, planning a major reconstruction of republican government. He was assassinated in 44, however, by a conspiracy of senators acting to save the Republic. Marcus Antonius then stepped forward as major claimant to power, while the Senate coalesced around Octavian, an heir listed in Caesar's will. After indecisive battles, the two put off final conflict in a second triumvirate, including Lepidus. Finally, the former two broke, and in 30 BCE, Octavian defeated Mark Antony at Actium. In the next twenty years, Octavian (now named Augustus) created the Principate, a new form of Roman government giving increased powers to a non-elective Princeps who would evolve into Emperor by the mid-first century CE.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 9/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

How was the jurisdiction system structured in Italy in the Roman Empire?

Answer:

In the Roman empire there was an urban center with its own magistrates, city council and a ‘territory’ containing villages which were under its jurisdiction.

Solution:

Question. How was the jurisdiction system structured in Italy in the Roman Empire?

Answer. In the Roman empire there was an urban center with its own magistrates, city council and a ‘territory’ containing villages which were under its jurisdiction.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 9/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Who innovated a standing army?

1. Marius
2. Caesar
3. Agrippa
4. Augustus

Answer:

4. Augustus

Solution:

Question. Who innovated a standing army?

1. Marius
2. Caesar
3. Agrippa
4. Augustus

Answer. 4. Augustus