from xv.biology.managers import PhotoSynthesisManager
from xv.util import listAttr

ke = PhotoSynthesisManager(verbose = False)
ke

1998823647024@PhotoSynthesisManager

PhotoSynthesisManager
Example:
ke = PhotoSynthesisManager()
ke.getRandomProblem()
ke.getRandomProblem(problem_type = 0)
...

ke.printProblem()
ke.printAnswer()
ke.printSolution()

ke.printProblemTypes()

ke.printProblemTypes()

0. _problem_random_question_from_rich_text
1. _problem_random_saq_question
2. _problem_random_mcq_question

ke.getRandomProblem(problem_type = -1)

Which element is required in the germination of pollen grain?

1. Chlorine
2. Potassium
3. Boron
4. Calcium

ke.printAnswer()

3. Boron

ke.printSolution()

Question. Which element is required in the germination of pollen grain?

1. Chlorine
2. Potassium
3. Boron
4. Calcium

Answer. 3. Boron

from IPython.display import HTML
n = len(ke._problemTemplates)
max_loop = 10
for j in range(0, max_loop):
    for i in range(n):
        problem_type = i
        display(HTML(f"<h2>problem_type: {problem_type}/{n-1} (loop {j}/{max_loop-1})</h2>"))
        ke.getRandomProblem(problem_type = problem_type, 
                            search = 'chlorophyll',
                            verbose = True)
        display(ke.printProblem())

        display(HTML(f"<h6>Answer:</h6>"))
        display(ke.printAnswer())

        display(HTML(f"<h6>Solution:</h6>"))
        display(ke.printSolution())
        pass

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 0/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Sort the sentences into a meaningful order:

1. While carotenoids primarily absorb blue light and reflect yellow, anthocyanins absorb blue-green light and reflect red light.
2. Chlorophyll is a large molecule and takes a lot of resources to make; as such, it breaks down towards the end of the leaf's life, and most of the pigment's nitrogen (one of the building blocks of chlorophyll) is resorbed back into the plant, according to Harvard University's The Harvard Forest(opens in new tab).
3. When leaves lose their chlorophyll in the fall, other leaf pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins begin to show their true colors.
4. Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color, according to science education site Nature Education(opens in new tab).
5. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light to use in photosynthesis and reflects green light.

Answer:

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color, according to science education site Nature Education(opens in new tab). Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light to use in photosynthesis and reflects green light. Chlorophyll is a large molecule and takes a lot of resources to make; as such, it breaks down towards the end of the leaf's life, and most of the pigment's nitrogen (one of the building blocks of chlorophyll) is resorbed back into the plant, according to Harvard University's The Harvard Forest(opens in new tab). When leaves lose their chlorophyll in the fall, other leaf pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins begin to show their true colors. While carotenoids primarily absorb blue light and reflect yellow, anthocyanins absorb blue-green light and reflect red light.

Solution:

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color, according to science education site Nature Education(opens in new tab). Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light to use in photosynthesis and reflects green light. Chlorophyll is a large molecule and takes a lot of resources to make; as such, it breaks down towards the end of the leaf's life, and most of the pigment's nitrogen (one of the building blocks of chlorophyll) is resorbed back into the plant, according to Harvard University's The Harvard Forest(opens in new tab). When leaves lose their chlorophyll in the fall, other leaf pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins begin to show their true colors. While carotenoids primarily absorb blue light and reflect yellow, anthocyanins absorb blue-green light and reflect red light.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 0/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment for light reaction. What are accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis?

Answer:

Accessory pigments are those pigments, which assist in photosynthesis by capturing energy from light of different wavelengths, e.g., chlorophyll b, Xanthophylls and carotenoids.
Role in Photosynthesis:
They absorb wavelength of light not absorbed by chlorophyll a and transfer the energy to chlorophyll.
They also protect chlorophyll a from photo-oxidation.

Solution:

Question. Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment for light reaction. What are accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis?

Answer. Accessory pigments are those pigments, which assist in photosynthesis by capturing energy from light of different wavelengths, e.g., chlorophyll b, Xanthophylls and carotenoids.
Role in Photosynthesis:
They absorb wavelength of light not absorbed by chlorophyll a and transfer the energy to chlorophyll.
They also protect chlorophyll a from photo-oxidation.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 0/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Which pigment acts directly to convert light energy to chemical energy?

1. Chlorophyll a
2. Carotenoid
3. Chlorophyll b
4. Xanthophyll

Answer:

1. Chlorophyll a

Solution:

Question. Which pigment acts directly to convert light energy to chemical energy?

1. Chlorophyll a
2. Carotenoid
3. Chlorophyll b
4. Xanthophyll

Answer. 1. Chlorophyll a

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 1/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Insert the sentence in the passage below. Use punctuation if needed.
Chlorophyll is a large molecule and takes a lot of resources to make; as such, it breaks down towards the end of the leaf's life, and most of the pigment's nitrogen (one of the building blocks of chlorophyll) is resorbed back into the plant, according to Harvard University's The Harvard Forest(opens in new tab).

Passage
Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color, according to science education site Nature Education(opens in new tab). Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light to use in photosynthesis and reflects green light. When leaves lose their chlorophyll in the fall, other leaf pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins begin to show their true colors. While carotenoids primarily absorb blue light and reflect yellow, anthocyanins absorb blue-green light and reflect red light.

Answer:

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color, according to science education site Nature Education(opens in new tab). Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light to use in photosynthesis and reflects green light.

Chlorophyll is a large molecule and takes a lot of resources to make; as such, it breaks down towards the end of the leaf's life, and most of the pigment's nitrogen (one of the building blocks of chlorophyll) is resorbed back into the plant, according to Harvard University's The Harvard Forest(opens in new tab).

When leaves lose their chlorophyll in the fall, other leaf pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins begin to show their true colors. While carotenoids primarily absorb blue light and reflect yellow, anthocyanins absorb blue-green light and reflect red light.

Solution:

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color, according to science education site Nature Education(opens in new tab). Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light to use in photosynthesis and reflects green light.

Chlorophyll is a large molecule and takes a lot of resources to make; as such, it breaks down towards the end of the leaf's life, and most of the pigment's nitrogen (one of the building blocks of chlorophyll) is resorbed back into the plant, according to Harvard University's The Harvard Forest(opens in new tab).

When leaves lose their chlorophyll in the fall, other leaf pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins begin to show their true colors. While carotenoids primarily absorb blue light and reflect yellow, anthocyanins absorb blue-green light and reflect red light.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 1/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

Which property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis? Why is the rate of photosynthesis higher in the red and blue regions of the spectrum of light?

Answer:

Pigments are substances that have an ability to absorb light, at specific wavelengths. This property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis.
The wavelengths at which there is maximum absorption by chlorophyll a, i. e. in the blue and the red regions, also shows higher rate of photosynthesis.

Solution:

Question. Which property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis? Why is the rate of photosynthesis higher in the red and blue regions of the spectrum of light?

Answer. Pigments are substances that have an ability to absorb light, at specific wavelengths. This property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis.
The wavelengths at which there is maximum absorption by chlorophyll a, i. e. in the blue and the red regions, also shows higher rate of photosynthesis.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 1/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Which one of the following pigment does not occur in the chloroplast?

1. Anthocyanin
2. Carotene
3. Chlorophyll 'b'
4. Xanthophyll

Answer:

1. Anthocyanin

Solution:

Question. Which one of the following pigment does not occur in the chloroplast?

1. Anthocyanin
2. Carotene
3. Chlorophyll 'b'
4. Xanthophyll

Answer. 1. Anthocyanin

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 2/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Sort the sentences into a meaningful order:

1. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.
2. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction.
3. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction.
4. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH.
5. While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.

Answer:

While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

Solution:

While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 2/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment for light reaction. What are accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis?

Answer:

Accessory pigments are those pigments, which assist in photosynthesis by capturing energy from light of different wavelengths, e.g., chlorophyll b, Xanthophylls and carotenoids.
Role in Photosynthesis:
They absorb wavelength of light not absorbed by chlorophyll a and transfer the energy to chlorophyll.
They also protect chlorophyll a from photo-oxidation.

Solution:

Question. Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment for light reaction. What are accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis?

Answer. Accessory pigments are those pigments, which assist in photosynthesis by capturing energy from light of different wavelengths, e.g., chlorophyll b, Xanthophylls and carotenoids.
Role in Photosynthesis:
They absorb wavelength of light not absorbed by chlorophyll a and transfer the energy to chlorophyll.
They also protect chlorophyll a from photo-oxidation.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 2/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Which pigment acts directly to convert light energy to chemical energy?

1. Xanthophyll
2. Chlorophyll b
3. Chlorophyll a
4. Carotenoid

Answer:

3. Chlorophyll a

Solution:

Question. Which pigment acts directly to convert light energy to chemical energy?

1. Xanthophyll
2. Chlorophyll b
3. Chlorophyll a
4. Carotenoid

Answer. 3. Chlorophyll a

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 3/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Sort the sentences into a meaningful order:

1. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction.
2. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH.
3. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.
4. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction.
5. While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.

Answer:

While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

Solution:

While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 3/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria do not have chloroplasts. How do they conduct photosynthesis?

Answer:

Cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria have thylakoids suspended freely in the cytoplasm (i.e., they are not enclosed in membrane), and they have bacteriochlorophyll.

Solution:

Question. Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria do not have chloroplasts. How do they conduct photosynthesis?

Answer. Cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria have thylakoids suspended freely in the cytoplasm (i.e., they are not enclosed in membrane), and they have bacteriochlorophyll.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 3/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Which pigment is water soluble?

1. Anthocyanin
2. Xanthophyll
3. Carotene
4. Chlorophyll

Answer:

4. Chlorophyll

Solution:

Question. Which pigment is water soluble?

1. Anthocyanin
2. Xanthophyll
3. Carotene
4. Chlorophyll

Answer. 4. Chlorophyll

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 4/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Fill in the blanks with the given words. Change the form of words if necessary.
thylakoid, light-dependent reactions, atp, calvin cycle
While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: __________ and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the __________ membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules __________ and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the __________, takes place in the stroma, the space between the __________ membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the __________ and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.
thylakoid, light-dependent reactions, atp, calvin cycle

Answer:

While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

Solution:

While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 4/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

What are the important events and end products of the light reaction?

Answer:

Light reactions or the ‘Photochemical’ phase include light absorption, water splitting, oxygen release, and the formation of high-energy chemical intermediates, ATP and NADPH. Several complexes are involved in the process. The pigments are organised into two discrete photochemical light harvesting complexes (LHC) within the Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II). These are named in the sequence of their discovery, and not in the sequence in which they function during the light reaction. The LHC are made up of hundreds of pigment molecules bound to proteins. Each photosystem has all the pigments (except one molecule of chlorophyll a) forming a light harvesting system also called antennae. These pigments help to make photosynthesis more efficient by absorbing different wavelengths of light. The single chlorophyll a molecule forms the reaction centre. The reaction centre is different in both the photosystems. In PS I the reaction centre chlorophyll a has an absorption peak at 700 nm, hence is called P700,while in PS II it has absorption maxima at 680 nm, and is called P680.

Solution:

Question. What are the important events and end products of the light reaction?

Answer. Light reactions or the ‘Photochemical’ phase include light absorption, water splitting, oxygen release, and the formation of high-energy chemical intermediates, ATP and NADPH. Several complexes are involved in the process. The pigments are organised into two discrete photochemical light harvesting complexes (LHC) within the Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II). These are named in the sequence of their discovery, and not in the sequence in which they function during the light reaction. The LHC are made up of hundreds of pigment molecules bound to proteins. Each photosystem has all the pigments (except one molecule of chlorophyll a) forming a light harvesting system also called antennae. These pigments help to make photosynthesis more efficient by absorbing different wavelengths of light. The single chlorophyll a molecule forms the reaction centre. The reaction centre is different in both the photosystems. In PS I the reaction centre chlorophyll a has an absorption peak at 700 nm, hence is called P700,while in PS II it has absorption maxima at 680 nm, and is called P680.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 4/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Which pigment is water soluble?

1. Xanthophyll
2. Carotene
3. Anthocyanin
4. Chlorophyll

Answer:

4. Chlorophyll

Solution:

Question. Which pigment is water soluble?

1. Xanthophyll
2. Carotene
3. Anthocyanin
4. Chlorophyll

Answer. 4. Chlorophyll

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 5/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Insert the sentence in the passage below. Use punctuation if needed.
Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color, according to science education site Nature Education(opens in new tab).

Passage
Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light to use in photosynthesis and reflects green light. Chlorophyll is a large molecule and takes a lot of resources to make; as such, it breaks down towards the end of the leaf's life, and most of the pigment's nitrogen (one of the building blocks of chlorophyll) is resorbed back into the plant, according to Harvard University's The Harvard Forest(opens in new tab). When leaves lose their chlorophyll in the fall, other leaf pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins begin to show their true colors. While carotenoids primarily absorb blue light and reflect yellow, anthocyanins absorb blue-green light and reflect red light.

Answer:

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color, according to science education site Nature Education(opens in new tab).

Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light to use in photosynthesis and reflects green light. Chlorophyll is a large molecule and takes a lot of resources to make; as such, it breaks down towards the end of the leaf's life, and most of the pigment's nitrogen (one of the building blocks of chlorophyll) is resorbed back into the plant, according to Harvard University's The Harvard Forest(opens in new tab). When leaves lose their chlorophyll in the fall, other leaf pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins begin to show their true colors. While carotenoids primarily absorb blue light and reflect yellow, anthocyanins absorb blue-green light and reflect red light.

Solution:

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color, according to science education site Nature Education(opens in new tab).

Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light to use in photosynthesis and reflects green light. Chlorophyll is a large molecule and takes a lot of resources to make; as such, it breaks down towards the end of the leaf's life, and most of the pigment's nitrogen (one of the building blocks of chlorophyll) is resorbed back into the plant, according to Harvard University's The Harvard Forest(opens in new tab). When leaves lose their chlorophyll in the fall, other leaf pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins begin to show their true colors. While carotenoids primarily absorb blue light and reflect yellow, anthocyanins absorb blue-green light and reflect red light.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 5/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

Describe the T.W Engelmann’s experiment to determine spectrum of light.

Answer:

1.) T.W Engelmann’s carried experiments to determine spectrum of light.
2.) He separated light into its spectrum components with a prism and then illuminated a green alga, Cladophora, suspended in an aerobic bacteria culture.
3.) The microorganisms were employed to pinpoint the locations of O2 evolution.
4.) He discovered that bacteria accumulated primarily in the blue and red-light regions of the split spectrum.
5.) As a result, a first action spectrum of photosynthesis was characterized.
6.) It is similar to the absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and b.

Solution:

Question. Describe the T.W Engelmann’s experiment to determine spectrum of light.

Answer. 1.) T.W Engelmann’s carried experiments to determine spectrum of light.
2.) He separated light into its spectrum components with a prism and then illuminated a green alga, Cladophora, suspended in an aerobic bacteria culture.
3.) The microorganisms were employed to pinpoint the locations of O2 evolution.
4.) He discovered that bacteria accumulated primarily in the blue and red-light regions of the split spectrum.
5.) As a result, a first action spectrum of photosynthesis was characterized.
6.) It is similar to the absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and b.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 5/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Assertion: maximum absorption by chlorophyll occurs in the blue and the red regions, also shows higher rate ofphotosynthesis.
Reason: Hence,chlorophyll a is the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis.

1. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
2. If assertion is true but the reason is false.
3. If both assertion and reason are false.
4. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.

Answer:

1. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.

Solution:

Question. Assertion: maximum absorption by chlorophyll occurs in the blue and the red regions, also shows higher rate ofphotosynthesis.
Reason: Hence,chlorophyll a is the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis.

1. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
2. If assertion is true but the reason is false.
3. If both assertion and reason are false.
4. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.

Answer. 1. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 6/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Fill in the blanks with the given words. Change the form of words if necessary.
light, leaf, pigment, chlorophyll
__________ is the primary __________ used for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color, according to science education site Nature Education(opens in new tab). __________ absorbs red and blue __________ to use in photosynthesis and reflects green __________. __________ is a large molecule and takes a lot of resources to make; as such, it breaks down towards the end of the __________'s life, and most of the __________'s nitrogen (one of the building blocks of __________) is resorbed back into the plant, according to Harvard University's The Harvard Forest(opens in new tab). When leaves lose their chlorophyll in the fall, other __________ __________ such as carotenoids and anthocyanins begin to show their true colors. While carotenoids primarily absorb blue __________ and reflect yellow, anthocyanins absorb blue-green __________ and reflect red light.
light, leaf, pigment, chlorophyll

Answer:

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color, according to science education site Nature Education(opens in new tab). Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light to use in photosynthesis and reflects green light. Chlorophyll is a large molecule and takes a lot of resources to make; as such, it breaks down towards the end of the leaf's life, and most of the pigment's nitrogen (one of the building blocks of chlorophyll) is resorbed back into the plant, according to Harvard University's The Harvard Forest(opens in new tab). When leaves lose their chlorophyll in the fall, other leaf pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins begin to show their true colors. While carotenoids primarily absorb blue light and reflect yellow, anthocyanins absorb blue-green light and reflect red light.

Solution:

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color, according to science education site Nature Education(opens in new tab). Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light to use in photosynthesis and reflects green light. Chlorophyll is a large molecule and takes a lot of resources to make; as such, it breaks down towards the end of the leaf's life, and most of the pigment's nitrogen (one of the building blocks of chlorophyll) is resorbed back into the plant, according to Harvard University's The Harvard Forest(opens in new tab). When leaves lose their chlorophyll in the fall, other leaf pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins begin to show their true colors. While carotenoids primarily absorb blue light and reflect yellow, anthocyanins absorb blue-green light and reflect red light.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 6/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

Which property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis? Why is the rate of photosynthesis higher in the red and blue regions of the spectrum of light?

Answer:

Pigments are substances that have an ability to absorb light, at specific wavelengths. This property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis.
The wavelengths at which there is maximum absorption by chlorophyll a, i. e. in the blue and the red regions, also shows higher rate of photosynthesis.

Solution:

Question. Which property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis? Why is the rate of photosynthesis higher in the red and blue regions of the spectrum of light?

Answer. Pigments are substances that have an ability to absorb light, at specific wavelengths. This property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis.
The wavelengths at which there is maximum absorption by chlorophyll a, i. e. in the blue and the red regions, also shows higher rate of photosynthesis.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 6/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Which is not an example of accessory pigments?

1. chlorophyllb
2. chlorophyll a
3. carotenoids
4. xanthophylls

Answer:

2. chlorophyll a

Solution:

Question. Which is not an example of accessory pigments?

1. chlorophyllb
2. chlorophyll a
3. carotenoids
4. xanthophylls

Answer. 2. chlorophyll a

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 7/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Sort the sentences into a meaningful order:

1. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction.
2. While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.
3. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction.
4. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH.
5. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

Answer:

While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

Solution:

While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 7/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

Which property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis? Why is the rate of photosynthesis higher in the red and blue regions of the spectrum of light?

Answer:

Pigments are substances that have an ability to absorb light, at specific wavelengths. This property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis.
The wavelengths at which there is maximum absorption by chlorophyll a, i. e. in the blue and the red regions, also shows higher rate of photosynthesis.

Solution:

Question. Which property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis? Why is the rate of photosynthesis higher in the red and blue regions of the spectrum of light?

Answer. Pigments are substances that have an ability to absorb light, at specific wavelengths. This property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis.
The wavelengths at which there is maximum absorption by chlorophyll a, i. e. in the blue and the red regions, also shows higher rate of photosynthesis.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 7/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Which metal ion is a constituent of chlorophyll?

1. Copper
2. Zinc
3. Iron
4. Magnesium

Answer:

4. Magnesium

Solution:

Question. Which metal ion is a constituent of chlorophyll?

1. Copper
2. Zinc
3. Iron
4. Magnesium

Answer. 4. Magnesium

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 8/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Insert the sentence in the passage below. Use punctuation if needed.
The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction.

Passage
While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

Answer:

While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.

The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction.

The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

Solution:

While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.

The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction.

The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 8/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

Is it correct to say that photosynthesis occurs only in leaves of a plant? Besides leaves, what are the other parts that may be capable of carrying out photosynthesis? Justify.

Answer:

Photosynthesis does take place in the green leaves of plants but it does so also in other green parts of the plants. The mesophyll cells in the leaves, have a large number of chloroplasts. Usually the chloroplasts align themselves along the walls of the mesophyll cells, such that they get the optimum quantity of the incident light.
• Photosynthetic or Assimilatory roots: They are green roots which are capable of PHS, e.g., Trapa bispinosa (water chestnut = Singhara), Tmospora (Gillow or Gurcha), Podostemum.
• Some plants of arid regions modify their stems into flattened (Opuntia), or fleshy cylindrical (Euphorbia) structures. These modified stems of indefinite growth are called phylloclades. They contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis.
• One intemode long phylloclade or stem which is leaf like is called cladode. Cladode is capable of photosynthesis. Cladode is found in certain xerophytes, e.g., Ruscus and Asparagus.

Solution:

Question. Is it correct to say that photosynthesis occurs only in leaves of a plant? Besides leaves, what are the other parts that may be capable of carrying out photosynthesis? Justify.

Answer. Photosynthesis does take place in the green leaves of plants but it does so also in other green parts of the plants. The mesophyll cells in the leaves, have a large number of chloroplasts. Usually the chloroplasts align themselves along the walls of the mesophyll cells, such that they get the optimum quantity of the incident light.
• Photosynthetic or Assimilatory roots: They are green roots which are capable of PHS, e.g., Trapa bispinosa (water chestnut = Singhara), Tmospora (Gillow or Gurcha), Podostemum.
• Some plants of arid regions modify their stems into flattened (Opuntia), or fleshy cylindrical (Euphorbia) structures. These modified stems of indefinite growth are called phylloclades. They contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis.
• One intemode long phylloclade or stem which is leaf like is called cladode. Cladode is capable of photosynthesis. Cladode is found in certain xerophytes, e.g., Ruscus and Asparagus.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 8/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Which one of the following pigment does not occur in the chloroplast?

1. Xanthophyll
2. Carotene
3. Anthocyanin
4. Chlorophyll 'b'

Answer:

3. Anthocyanin

Solution:

Question. Which one of the following pigment does not occur in the chloroplast?

1. Xanthophyll
2. Carotene
3. Anthocyanin
4. Chlorophyll 'b'

Answer. 3. Anthocyanin

problem_type: 0/2 (loop 9/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_question_from_rich_text

Unscramble the word:
ihlgt

The word has been taken from the following paragraph:
The situation is a little different for bacteria. While cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll, other bacteria, for example, purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria, contain bacteriochlorophyll to absorb light for anoxygenic photosynthesis, according to "Microbiology for Dummies(opens in new tab)" (For Dummies, 2019).

Answer:

light

Solution:

light

The situation is a little different for bacteria. While cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll, other bacteria, for example, purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria, contain bacteriochlorophyll to absorb light for anoxygenic photosynthesis, according to "Microbiology for Dummies(opens in new tab)" (For Dummies, 2019).

problem_type: 1/2 (loop 9/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_saq_question

Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment for light reaction. What are accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis?

Answer:

Accessory pigments are those pigments, which assist in photosynthesis by capturing energy from light of different wavelengths, e.g., chlorophyll b, Xanthophylls and carotenoids.
Role in Photosynthesis:
They absorb wavelength of light not absorbed by chlorophyll a and transfer the energy to chlorophyll.
They also protect chlorophyll a from photo-oxidation.

Solution:

Question. Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment for light reaction. What are accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis?

Answer. Accessory pigments are those pigments, which assist in photosynthesis by capturing energy from light of different wavelengths, e.g., chlorophyll b, Xanthophylls and carotenoids.
Role in Photosynthesis:
They absorb wavelength of light not absorbed by chlorophyll a and transfer the energy to chlorophyll.
They also protect chlorophyll a from photo-oxidation.

problem_type: 2/2 (loop 9/9)

Problem Template: _problem_random_mcq_question

Assertion: maximum absorption by chlorophyll occurs in the blue and the red regions, also shows higher rate ofphotosynthesis.
Reason: Hence,chlorophyll a is the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis.

1. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
2. If both assertion and reason are false.
3. If assertion is true but the reason is false.
4. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.

Answer:

1. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.

Solution:

Question. Assertion: maximum absorption by chlorophyll occurs in the blue and the red regions, also shows higher rate ofphotosynthesis.
Reason: Hence,chlorophyll a is the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis.

1. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
2. If both assertion and reason are false.
3. If assertion is true but the reason is false.
4. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.

Answer. 1. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.